Holopothrips chaconi sp.n. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae) from leaf-vein galls on Piper species (Piperaceae) in Costa Rica

AbstractMost species of the Neotropical genus Holopothrips are associated with plant galls but very little is known about their biology. Here, we provide observations on the biology of a new species of Holopothrips associated with leaf-vein galls on four species of Piper at a cloud forest site (Zurquí de Moravia) in Costa Rica. This species colonized the galls soon after the gall-inducing cecidomyiid or one of its parasitoids emerged, and several generations of thrips appeared to occupy the empty galls. A total of 175 empty galls from 34 leaves were collected, brought to the laboratory for dissection under the microscope, and the contents quantified. Holopothrips occupied approximately 75 % of the galled leaves and among the latter they occupied about 40 % of the galls. Every combination of adults, nymphs and eggs was found, which implies that adult thrips move in and out of galls, and possibly do not defend their galls from invasion by other members of their species. However, when disturbed, both nymphs and adults raise the tip of their abdomen and emit a distinctive odor, suggesting a defensive reaction against potential predators. Preliminary evidence suggests that they feed on gall tissue lining the inner cavity and spend very little time outside the galls. The thrips is described as a new species, and is one of only four known species of Holopothrips to have the unusual condition of two pairs of epimeral setae on the pronotum. This new species was compared to these other three Holothrips species, and the remarkable variation of the female spermatheca and the male sternal pore plate is illustrated. Further research is needed to confirm that several generations of thrips occupy empty galls, to determine whether adult thrips do indeed move between galls, and to explore in greater detail their possible chemical defense. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (4): 1035-1042. Epub 2015 December 01.

ResumenLa mayoría de las especies del género neotropical Holopothrips se asocian a las agallas de plantas pero se sabe muy poco de su biología. Aquí, se provee observaciones sobre la biología de una nueva especie de Holopothrips que se asocia a las agallas de venas foliares en cuatro especies de Piper en un bosque nuboso (Zurquí de Moravia) de Costa Rica. Esta especie coloniza las agallas luego de que el cecidómido inductor o un parasitoide del mismo emerge, y aparentemente varias generaciones de trips ocupan las agallas vacías. Un total de 175 agallas vacías en 34 hojas fueron recolectadas, llevadas al laboratorio para disección bajo el microscopio y se cuantificó su contenido. Holopothrips ocupaba aproximadamente el 75 % de las hojas con agallas y en ellas el 40 % de las agallas. Se encontró toda combinación de adultos, ninfas y huevos, lo cual implica que los trips adultos entran y salen y posiblemente no defienden sus agallas de la invasión de otros miembros de su especie. Sin embargo, adultos y ninfas, levantan la punta del abdomen al ser perturbados, emitiendo un olor distintivo que sugiere una reacción defensiva ante posibles depredadores. La evidencia preliminar indica que se alimentan del tejido interior de la agalla y pasan muy poco tiempo fuera de la misma. Se describe la especie nueva y es una de sólo cuatro especies conocidas de Holopothrips que poseen dos pares de setas epimorales en el pronoto. Al compararla con estas otras especies surge una marcada variación en la espermateca de la hembra y en las placas del poro esternal en el macho, los cuales se ilustran. Se requiere más investigación para confirmar la sugerencia que varias generaciones de trips ocupan las agallas vacias, para determinar si es cierto que los trips adultos se mueven entre agallas, y para explorar en más detalle la supuesta defensa química.

Avaliação da atividade antimicobacteriana da lignana diidrocubebina extraída da Piper cubeba e de seus derivados semissintéticos / Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of dihydrocubebin lignan extracted from Piper cubeba and its semisynthetic derivatives

RESUMO: A atividade antimicobacteriana de diidrocubebina (1), uma lignana dibenzilbutanodioica obtida a partir de extrato etanólico de sementes da Piper cubeba, e seus derivados foram avaliados in vitro contra três diferentes cepas de Mycobacterium utilizando o método de microdiluição. Dentre as lignanas avaliadas 3 e 4 foram as mais ativas, exibindo valores de CIM de 62,5 µg/mL contra M. avium e M. tuberculosis, respectivamente. Os derivados 2-6 obtidos por síntese parcial possuem diferentes substituintes nos carbonos 9 e 9 ', que alteram polaridade, solubilidade e limitam as rotações livres entre C8-C8' em relação de material (1) de partida. As diferenças estruturais entre estes compostos podem fornecer informações importantes sobre a relação estrutura-atividade antimicobacteriana do esqueleto dibenzilbutanodioico, obtido a partir de fonte natural, como um possível alvo para o desenvolvimento de drogas mais potentes contra a tuberculose

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of dihydrocubebin lignan extracted from Piper cubeba and its semisynthetic derivatives. The antimycobacterial activity of the dihydrocubebin (1), a dibenzylbutanedioiclignan obtained from ethanolic extract of Piper cubeba seeds, and its derivatives were examined in vitro against three different strains of Mycobacterium using amicrodilution method. Among the lignans evaluated, the 3 and 4 samples were the most active ones, displaying MIC values of 62.5 µg/mL against M. avium and M. tuberculosis, respectively. The derivatives 2-6, obtained for partial synthesis, had different substituents in the carbons 9 and 9', fact thatalters the polarity, solubility and restricts the free rotations between the bonds C8-C8' in relation to the starting material (1). The structural differences among these compounds provide important information about the antimycobacterial structure-activity relationship of the dibenzylbutanodioic skeleton, obtained from natural source, such as a possible target for the development of more powerful drugs against tuberculosis

Ação de extratos de plantas medicinais sobre a motilidade do trato gastrointestinal / Action of medicinal plant extracts on the gastrointestinal tract motility

Muitas plantas são utilizadas pela população para o tratamento e a cura de doenças. Entre elas encontram-se a Persea major Kopp, Piper mollicomum Kunth. e Serjania erecta Radlk. as quais são utilizadas para diversas enfermidades, inclusive para tratar distúrbios do trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos dos extratos dessas três plantas sobre a motilidade gastrointestinal. Camundongos Swiss foram tratados com os extratos pela via oral 1 hora antes da administração de uma solução semisólida de carboximetilcelulose 1,5% e vermelho de fenol 0,05% e, após 15 minutos, o esvaziamento gástrico e o trânsito intestinal avaliados. O extrato hidroalcoólico da P. major (100 a 1000 mg Kg-1, p.o.) e o extrato hidroalcoólico da P. mollicomum (100 e 300 mg Kg-1, p.o.) aumentaram o trânsito intestinal. No entanto, somente o extrato da P. major (100 e 300 mg Kg-1) também aumentou o esvaziamento gástrico. O extrato etanólico da S. erecta (100 a 1000 mg Kg-1, p.o.) não alterou a motilidade gastrointestinal. Estes resultados sugerem que a Persea major e a Piper mollicomum mereçam estudos mais aprofundados em busca de princípios ativos ou matéria vegetal efetiva para o tratamento de distúrbios do trato gastrointestinal como a constipação.

Many plants are popularly used for the treatment and healing of diseases. The Persea major Kopp, Piper mollicomum Kunth. and Serjania erecta Radlk. are used in several illnesses, including the treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the extracts of these plants on the gastrointestinal motility. Swiss mice were orally treated with extracts one hour before the administration of a semisolid solution of 1.5% carboxymethylcellulose and 0.05% phenol red. After 15 minutes, the gastric emptying and intestinal transit were determined. The hydroalcoholic extract of P. major (100 to 1000 mg Kg-1, p.o.) and the hydroalcoholic extract of P. mollicomum (100 and 300 mg Kg-1, p.o.) increased the intestinal transit. However, only the P. major extract (100 and 300 mg Kg-1) increased the gastric emptying. The ethanolic extract of S. erecta (100 to 1000 mg Kg-1, p.o.) did not alter the gastrointestinal motility. These results suggest that Persea major and Piper mollicomum can be of interest for further studies in the search of active principles or effective plant material for the treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, such as constipation.

Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in selected Piper species.

Piper species, commonly used in diet and traditional medicine were assessed for their antioxidant potential. Catalase activity was predominated in Piper longum, followed by Piper cubeba, green pepper, Piper brachystachyum and Piper nigrum. P. nigrum was richest in glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, green pepper was richest in peroxidase and vitamin C while vitamin E was more in P. longum and P. nigrum. P. brachystachyum and P. longum were rich sources of vitamin A. All the Piper species had GSH content of around 1 to 2 nM/g tissue. The antioxidant components of Piper species constitute a very efficient system in scavenging a wide variety of reactive oxygen species. Antioxidant potential of Piper species was further confirmed by their ability to curtail in vitro lipid peroxidation by around 30-50% with concomitant increase in GSH content.